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Berer studied the effect of the opening of a crack, in mode I, in cracked cylinders when compressive loading generates the KI factor.
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Moustabchir calculated the Stress Intensity Factor KI, mode I, in the pipes structures containing an axial semi-elliptic crack using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The literature state many researchers who deal with the problem of crack in the pipes using the FEM methods, in contrast a very rare works was noted for the X-FEM method. It permits to highlights improvement of design by eliminating the physical/real constrain (incapacity to test large/long products (chain of pipe), visualize their behavior in harsh environments, etc.),however they are much easy solved when are transferred to virtual constraint guidance (VCG).
Besides, applying numerical simulation allows investigate the structural response of a components and predicting its live during working condition. Modern FEM simulations permits to reduce considerable the cost of product design process and to estimate in real time potential harmful situation when a crack nucleate and propagate. KI were calculated using several methods such as analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical methods. Researchers as Moustabchir, Berer, Zareei use this parameter to predict the initiation and propagation of cracks in the pipes. The Stress Intensity Factor KI is a key parameter used in the fracture mechanics field. These defects are generally treated by the fracture mechanics approach, which provide accurate details of the distribution of stresses and deformations near the defect zone, but also can indicate an estimative lifetime of the resistance of these structures according to the critical size of defects. For that reason, researchers are interested in evaluating the structural integrity of pressurized pipelines. These defects are in the form of a crack or a scratch they affect the pipeline resistance and cause a sudden break that can be catastrophic.
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The research carried out by Lam on the statistics of the accidents of the pipes, shows that the majority of the breaks are due to: pits of corrosion, the impact of a bullet lost if one is in a hunting zone (for piping install above ground), or at the impact of a bucket excavating machinery. To reduce these accidents the costs of maintenance can be very high, triggering a major concern for companies operating in this field. During their operation, they can generate several unexpected damages that cause significant material and human damage as well as environmental damage, especially if they are in the oceanic environment. The pipes installed above ground are of great issue. In the field of oil industry, the pipelines are the most used means of transporting petroleum materials such as gas, oil and hydrogen.
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